Boston : Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994
Fourth edition.
Table of Contents:
“…Preface for instructors -- How to use this book -- Part 1: Composing And Revising: -- Generate ideas and sketch a plan: -- Assessing the writing situation: -- Subject -- Sources of information -- Chart: Ways to narrow a subject to a topic -- Purpose -- Audience -- Length, document design, and deadlines -- Chart: Checklist for assessing the writing situation -- Exploring your subject: -- Listing -- Clustering or branching -- Asking questions -- Freewriting -- Keeping a journal -- Talking -- Settling on a tentative focus -- Sketching a tentative plan -- Rough out an initial draft: -- Letting it be rough -- Drafting an introduction that includes a thesis -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-the thesis sentence -- Filling out the body -- Attempting a conclusion -- Make global revisions: think big: -- Getting distance -- Approaching global revision in cycles -- Chart: Guidelines for peer reviewers -- Strengthening the content -- Sharpening the focus -- Improving the organization -- Clarifying the point of view -- Refining the tone -- Chart: Cycles of global revision -- Revise and edit sentences; proofread the final draft: -- Chart: Cycles of sentence-level revision -- Chart: Editing checklist -- Composing and revising on a word processor -- Expository student essay: Explaining an insight -- Descriptive student essay: Profiling a person or a place -- Narrative student essay: Re-creating an experience -- Part 2: Constructing Paragraphs: -- Focus on a main point: --
Stating the main point in a topic sentence -- Sticking to the point -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-topic sentences -- Develop the main point: -- Developing skimpy paragraphs -- Choosing a suitable pattern of development: -- Examples and illustrations -- Narration -- Description -- Process -- Comparison and contrast -- Analogy -- Cause and effect -- Classification and division -- Definition -- Arranging information: -- Order of time -- Order of space -- Order of climax -- Adjusting paragraph length -- Improve coherence: -- Linking ideas clearly -- Repeating key words -- Using parallel structures -- Maintaining consistency -- Providing transitions --Part 3: Crafting Sentences: -- Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas: -- Chart: Using coordination to combine sentences of equal importance -- Chart: Using subordination to combine sentences of unequal importance -- Choppy sentences -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-choppy sentences -- Ineffective or excessive coordination -- Subordination for emphasis -- Excessive subordination -- Balance parallel ideas: -- In a series -- Presented as pairs -- Repetition of function words -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-parallelism -- Add needed words: -- In compound structures -- That -- In comparisons -- A, an, and the -- Untangle mixed constructions: -- Mixed grammar -- Illogical connections -- Is when, is where, and reason-is because -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-mixed constructions -- Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers: -- Limiting modifiers -- Misplaced phrases and clauses -- Awkwardly placed modifiers -- Split infinitives -- Dangling modifiers -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-dangling modifiers -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for dangling modifiers -- Eliminate distracting shifts: -- Person, number -- Verb tense -- Verb mood, voice -- Indirect to direct questions or quotations -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-shifts -- Emphasize your point: -- Active verbs -- Subject that names actor -- Special techniques -- Provide some variety: -- Sentence openings -- Sentence structures -- Inverted order -- Adding a question or quotation -- Part 4: Choosing Words: -- Tighten wordy sentences: -- Redundancies -- Unnecessary repetition -- Empty or inflated phrases -- Simplifying the structure -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for wordy sentences -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-wordy sentences -- Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words -- Choose appropriate language: -- Jargon -- Pretentious language, euphemisms, "doublespeak" -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-jargon and pretentious language -- Obsolete, archaic, and invented words -- Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English -- Levels of formality -- Sexist language -- Chart: Avoiding sexist language -- Find the exact words: -- Connotations -- Specific, concrete nouns -- Misused words -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-misused words -- Standard idioms -- Worn-out expressions -- Figures of speech -- Part 5: Editing For Grammar: -- Repair sentence fragments: -- Subordinate clauses -- Phrases -- Other fragmented word groups -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-sentence fragments -- Acceptable fragments -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for sentence fragments -- Revise comma splices and fused sentences: -- Correction with coordinating conjunction -- Correction with semicolon, colon, dash -- Correction by separating sentences -- Correction by restructuring -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-comma splices and fused sentences -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for comma splices and fused sentences -- Make subjects and verbs agree: -- Words between subject and verb -- Compound subjects with and -- Compound subjects with or, nor, either-or, or neither-nor -- Indefinite pronouns -- Collective nouns -- Subject following verb -- Subject complement -- Who, which, and that -- Words with plural form, singular meaning -- Titles of works, words mentioned as words -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-subject-verb agreement -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for problems with subject-verb agreement -- Make pronouns and antecedents agree: -- Singular with singular, plural with plural: -- Indefinite pronouns -- Generic nouns -- Collective nouns -- Compound antecedents with and -- Compound antecedents with or, nor, either-or, or neither-not -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-pronoun-antecedent agreement -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for problems with pronoun-antecedent agreement -- Make pronoun references clear: -- Ambiguous or remote reference -- Broad reference of this, that, which, and it -- Implied antecedents -- Indefinite use of they, it, and you -- Who for persons, that or which for things -- Use personal pronouns and nouns in the proper case: -- Subjects and subject complements -- Objects -- Appositives -- Elliptical constructions -- We or us before a noun -- Subjects and objects of infinitives -- Pronoun modifying a gerund -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for problems with pronoun case -- Use who and whom in the proper case: -- In subordinate clauses -- In questions -- Chart: Reviewing your writing for problems with who and whom -- Choose adjectives and adverbs with care: -- Adverbs as modifiers -- Adjectives as complements -- Comparatives and superlatives -- Double negatives -- Choose standard English verb forms: -- Irregular verbs -- lie and lay -- S(or -es) endings -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-problems with -s endings on verbs -- Ed endings -- Chart: Looking at yourself as a writer-problems with -ed endings on verbs -- Omitted verbs -- Use verbs in the appropriate tense, mood, and voice: -- Verb tense -- Subjunctive mood -- Active and passive voice.…”
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